Annona squamosa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 537. 1753.
(Annona squamosa L.; Photo Ton Rulkens and sowexotic.com)
Latin Name: Annona squamosa L.
Family & Genus: Annonaceae, Annona
Synonym Name: Annona asiatica L.; Annona asiatica Vahl; Annona cinerea Dunal; Annona distincta Raeusch.; Annona forskahlii DC.; Annona forsskalii DC.; Annona glabra Forssk.; Annona squamosa Delile; Annona squamosa f. parvifolia Kuntze; Guanabanus squamosus M. Gómez; Xylopia glabra L.
English Name: Sugar-apple, Custard Apple, Sugar Apple, Sweet Sop, Sweetsop, Custard-apple.
Chinese Name: 番荔枝 fan li zhi
Vietnamese Name: Sa lê, Mãng cầu ta, Mãng cầu dai, Mác kiếp (Tày), Phan lệ chi.
Description: Trees, deciduous, to 8 m tall. Bark thin. Branchlets pubescent, glabrescent. Petiole 4-15 mm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or oblong, 5-17.5 × 2-7.5 cm, thinly papery to membranous, abaxially pale green and puberulent when young but glabrate in age, base obtuse to rounded and slightly decurrent, apex acute to obtuse, lateral veins 8-15 on each side of midvein, adaxially flat. Inflorescences 1-flowered or 2-4-fasciculate. Flowers 2-3 cm, puberulent. Sepals triangular. Outer petals basally green to purple, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 × 0.5-0.8 cm, fleshy, thick, inside concave, keeled on apical half; inner petals absent or reduced to scales, as long as stamens. Stamens oblong, ca. 1 mm; connective broad, apex subtruncate. Carpels oblong, distinct at anthesis; stigmas ovate-lanceolate. Syncarp greenish yellow, slightly pruinose, spherical to ovoid, 5-10 cm in diam., areoles rounded, convex, separated by deep grooves; pulp white. Seeds black-brown, ca. 14 mm. Flowering: May to July, fruiting: June -November.
Part Used: Medical part: fruits, roots and leaves. Chinese name: fruits: Fanlizhi. Root: Fanlizhigen. Leaves: Fanlizhiye.
Harvest & Processing: Fruit: collected in summer and autumn, used fresh or sun-dried. Roots: collected throughout the year, well washed, used fresh or sun-dried. Leaves: collected in spring and summer, used fresh or sun-dried.
Chemistry:
- Fruits contain protein, fat, saccharides and vitamin C.
- Seeds contain compounds of oil, protein, anonaine, annonin, asimicin, annonacin, annonastatin, saponin and squamostatin. Cyclic peptides: cyclosquamosin H, I, squamin A, squamin B, cyclosquamosin A, cyclosquamosin D, cyclosquamosin E, and cherimolacyclopeptide B. squafosacins B, C, F, and G, squadiolins A−C (5−7), cis-annotemoyin-1, acetogenins, glabranin, annotemoyins-1 and -2, bullatencin, cis-bullatencin, and uvariamicins-I, -II, and -III
- Root and bark contain camphor, borneol, corydine and anonaine.
- Stem and leaf contain alkaloids, such as anonaine, flavonoids, such as quercetin, etc. Stem bark contains bullatacin, bullatacinone.
Pharmacology: Seed: anti-implantation and abortion-inducing. Stem bark: parasites-expelling and anti-cancer. Antibacterial, antidiabetic, antitumor, anti-malarial, anthelmintic and with anti-genotoxic potential
Properties & Actions: Fruits: taste sweet, cold in nature. Root: taste bitter, cold in nature. Leaves: taste bitter, harsh, little cold in nature. Fruit: nourishing spleen and stomach, clearing heat, detoxifying and expelling parasites. Root: clearing hear and detoxifying. Leaf: arresting discharging, clearing heat and detoxifying.
Indications & Usage: Fruits: Used for swelling pain of ulcer, intestinal parasitosis. Leaves: Used for hematodiarrhoea, infantile proctoptosis, anthracia and swelling pain. Root: Used for hematodiarrhoea due to toxic heat. Fruit: oral administration: decocting, 10-30g; also eat as fruit. External: appropriate amount, triturated for application. Root: oral administration: decocting, 5-10g. Leaf: oral administration: decocting, 5-10g.
References
- libproject.hkbu.edu.hk
- efloras.org
- theplantlist
- Yu-liang Yang, Kuo-feng Hua, Pei-Hsuan Chuang, Shih-hsiung Wu, Kuen-yuh Wu, Fang-Rong Chang, and Yang-chang Wu; New Cyclic Peptides from the Seeds of Annona squamosa L. and Their Anti-inflammatory Activities; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2008 56 (2), 386-392
- Chih-Chuang Liaw, Yu-Liang Yang, Mei Chen, Fang-Rong Chang, Shu-Li Chen, Shih-Hsiung Wu, and Yang-Chang Wu; Mono-tetrahydrofuran Annonaceous Acetogenins from Annona squamosa as Cytotoxic Agents and Calcium Ion Chelators; Journal of Natural Products 2008 71 (5), 764-771
- Bhattacharya and Raja Chakraverty; The pharmacological properties of Annona squamosa Linn: A Review Anshuman; International Journal of Pharmacy and Engineering, (2) pp 692-699 June-2016
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