Terpenoids

Terpenoids

1 Introduction

2 Classification

2.1 Monoterpenoids

2.1.1 Camphor

2.1.2 Eucalyptol

2.1.3 Menthol

2.1.4 Thymol

2.2 Sesquiterpenoids

2.2.1 Artemisinin

2.2.2 Parthenolide

2.2.3 Matricarin

2.3 Diterpenoids

2.3.1 Colforsin

2.3.2 Ginkgolide–B

2.3.3 Taxol

2.4 Triterpenoids

2.4.1 Cucurbitacin-B

2.4.2 Quassin

2.4.3 Azadirachitin

2.5 Tetraterpenoids and Carotenoids

2.5.1 Vitamin A

2.6 Volatile Oils (or Essential Oils)

2.6.1 Preparation of Volatile Oils

2.6.1.1 Direct SteamDistillation

2.6.1.2 Expression

2.6.1.3 Extraction

2.6.1.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2.6.2 Quantitative Determination of Volatile Oil in aPlant Material

2.6.3 Physical Characteristics of Voltaile Oils

2.6.4 Chemical Characteristics of Volatile Oils

2.6.5 Classification of Volatile Oils

2.6.5.1 Hydrocarbon Volatile Oils

2.6.5.1 Alicyclic Hydrocarbon

2.6.5.2 Alcohol Volatile Oils

1. Geraniol

2. Linalool
3. Nerol

2.6.5.3Aldehyde Volatile Oils

2.6.5.3.1 Aliphatic TerpeneAldehydes

A. Citral

B. Citronellal

2.6.5.3.2 Cyclic TerpeneAldehydes

1. Perillaldehyde

2. Safranal

3. Phellandral

2.6.5.3.3 Aromatic TerpeneAldehyde

A. Cuminaldehyde

B. Vanillin

2.6.5.3.4 Heterocyclic Terpene Aldehyde Heterocyclic terpene aldehyde

2.6.5.4 Ketone Volatile Oils

2.6.5.4.1 Aliphatic Ketones Aliphatic ketones

2.6.5.4.2 Aromatic Ketones

A. Monocyclic Terpene Ketones

A.1 l-Menthone

A.2 Carvone

B. Bicyclic Terpene Ketones

2.6.5.5 Phenol Volatile Oils

2.6.5.5.1 General Methodsof Isolation

2.6.5.5.2 GeneralProperties of Terpene Phenols

2.6.5.5.3.1 MonohydricPhenols

A. Carvacrol

B. Eugenol

C. Thymol

2.6.5.5.3.2 DihydricPhenols

A. Catechin (Catechol)

B. Protocatechuic Acid

2.6.5.6 Phenolic EtherVolatile Oils

A. Anethole

B. Safrole

C. Myristicin

D. Apiole

E. Cineole
F. Ascaridole 

2.6.5.7 Oxide Volatile Oils

2.6.5.8 Ester Volatile Oils

2.6.5.8.1 Esters ofAliphatic Acids

A. Geranyl Acetate

B. Linalyl Acetate

2.6.5.8.2 Esters ofAromatic Acids

A. Benzyl Benzoate

B. Cinnamyl Cinnamate

C. Methyl Salicylate

2.6.5.8.3 Esters ContainingNitrogen

A. Methyl Anthranilate

Source:Pharmacognosy And Pharmacobiotechnology By Ashutosh Kar