Jimsonweed-Datura stramonium L.-Poisonous plant

Jimsonweed

General poisoning notes:

Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) is a naturalized annual herb found across most of southern Canada. This plant contains toxic tropane alkaloids, which have caused poisoning and death in humans and other animals. Jimsonweed is named for a case of human poisoning in Jamestown, Va., when soldiers were poisoned by eating the plant in a salad and then suffered delirium and hallucinations. The seeds and leaves are deliberately used to induce intoxication. Children are attracted by the large flowers and become poisoned after sucking the nectar from the base of flowers or ingesting the seeds. Occurrences of human poisoning are more frequent than livestock poisoning in recent literature reports. Animals of all types can be poisoned. The literature mentions poisoning of cattle, goats, horses, poultry, sheep, and swine. Because of the plant''s strong odor and unpleasant taste, animals consume it only when other food is not available. The seeds are sometimes milled with other seeds and have caused problems (Cooper and Johnson 1984, Cheeke and Schull 1985, Lampe and McCann 1985).

Nomenclature:

Scientific Name: Datura stramonium L.

Vernacular name(s): jimsonweed

Scientific family name: Solanaceae

Vernacular family name: nightshade

Geographic Information

Alberta, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan.

Notes on Poisonous plant parts:

The entire plant contains alkaloids, but the leaves and seeds are the usual sources of poisoning in humans and other animals. Even the nectar of this plant contains alkaloids that contaminate honey (Cooper and Johnson 1984).

Toxic parts:

All parts, flowers, leaves, mature fruit, seeds, stems.

Notes on Toxic plant chemicals:

Several tropane alkaloids including hyoscyamine, hyoscine (also called scopolamine), and traces of atropine are found in the plant. The total alkaloid content in the plant varies from 0.25 to 0.7%. The alkaloids are found even in the nectar and can contaminate honey (Cooper and Johnson 1984, Cheeke and Schull 1985).

Toxic plant chemicals:

Atropine, hyoscine(scopolamine), hyoscyamine.

Animals/Human Poisoning:

Note: When an animal is listed without additional information, the literature (as of 1993) contained no detailed explanation.

Cattle

General symptoms of poisoning:

anorexia

bloat

muzzle, dry

pupils, pinpoint

tenesmus

Notes on poisoning:

Symptoms in cattle include incoordination, restlessness, and increased respiration rate. Nelson et al. (1982) conducted feeding experiments on heifers that were fed a normal diet with varying amounts of jimsonweed seeds added. The seeds contained 0.26% atropine and 0.55% hyoscine. Death of cattle seemed unlikely because rumen atony and anorexia limited intake of the feed to below lethal levels. The toxic dosage is about 2.9 mg of atropine and 0.5 mg of hyoscine per kilogram of body weight, which is about 107 seeds per kilogram of body weight.

Chickens

General symptoms of poisoning:

weight gain, reduced

Goats

General symptoms of poisoning:

breathing, rapid

death

drowsiness

incoordination

recumbency

reflex excitability

trembling

water intake, reduced

Notes on poisoning:

Goats have been poisoned by consuming jimsonweed. Experimental feeding of fresh leaves and fruit caused locomotion disturbances, tremors, drowsiness, and recumbency. Postmortem findings showed lung congestion, hemorrhagic and fatty liver, and heart dilation with hemorrhaging. The renal cortex was pale yellow and the medulla hemorrhagic. The cells of many renal tubes had also degenerated (El Dirdiri et al. 1981).

Horses

General symptoms of poisoning:

anorexia

breathing, rapid

diarrhea

heart rate, elevated

pupil dilation

thirsty.

Humans

General symptoms of poisoning:

agitation

babinski reflex

choreiform movement

confusion

convulsions

death

dizziness

drowsiness

faintness

gait, unsteady

hallucination

heart rate, elevated

inebriation

memory loss

mouth dry

nausea

pupil dilation

reflex excitability

skin, dry

skin, flushed

speech, slurred

temperature, elevated

thirsty

unconsciousness

urination, absent

vision, impaired

Notes on poisoning:

Symptoms of Datura species poisoning include dry mouth, mydriasis, dry and warm skin, sometimes with reddening of the face and neck. Hallucinations are common, along with blurred vision, random movements, nausea, delerium, and sometimes coma and death. Tachycardia and elevated temperatures occur. Treatment with physostigmine is recommended at 0.5 mg for children and 2 mg for adults (Moore 1976, Cooper and Johnson 1984, Lampe and McCann 1985).

Sheep

General symptoms of poisoning:

ataxia

breathing, rapid

collapse

dyspnea

gait, unsteady

incoordination

recumbency

reflex excitability

trembling

water intake, reduced

Notes on poisoning:

Jimsonweed poisoning in sheep causes symptoms such as locomotion disturbances, rapid respiration, inability to stand and death. Sheep that were experimentally fed fresh leaves and fruits became ill and died (El Dirdiri et al. 1981). Postmortem examination showed lung congestion, a dilated heart, and hemorrhagic, fatty liver. The renal cortex was pale yellow and the medulla was hemorrhagic. Sheep that received 10 g/kg/day died within 38 days.

Swine

General symptoms of poisoning:

depression

gait, rigid

incoordination

lethargy

pupil dilation

Notes on poisoning:

Swine exhibit symptoms of incoordination, stiff gait, pupil dilation, and drowsiness. Earlier reports had suggested that jimsonweed ingested by pregnant sows might cause arthrogryposis in newborn pigs, but Keeler (1981) determined that this was not the case after feeding experiments. Other studies have found that pigs tolerated, with little effect, and alkaloid intake of 2.2 mg/kg of body weight from seeds containing 0.2-0.6% alkaloid content. Because of the unpalatability of jimsonweed seeds, the feed is rejected and therefore lethal quantities are not likely to be ingested (Cheeke and Schull 1985).