European elder
General poisoning notes:
European elder (Sambucus
nigra) is an outdoor ornamental introduced from Europe. Several cultivars
may be available in Canada. This shrub contains cyanogenic glycosides. Swine
have been poisoned in Europe, and circumstantial reports of poisoning of cattle
and turkeys have been noted. Berries eaten raw can cause nausea and vomiting in
humans (Cooper and Johnson 1984). Children should not be allowed to ingest the
berries.
Nomenclature:
Scientific Name: Sambucus nigra L.
Vernacular
name(s): European elder
Scientific family
name: Caprifoliaceae
Vernacular family
name: honeysuckle.
Notes on Poisonous plant parts:
The bark, leaves,
and berries can cause poisoning in animals. The roots and stems have caused
poisoning in humans. Ingesting quantities of uncooked berries can cause nausea
(Cooper and Johnson 1984).
Toxic parts:
Bark, leaves,
mature fruit, roots, stems.
Notes on Toxic plant chemicals:
Two cyanogenic
glycosides, sambunigrin and vicianin, occur in black elderberry. Hydrocyanic
acid can be released in animals by the action of plant enzymes after ingestion
(Tewe and Iyayi 1989).
Toxic plant chemicals:
Sambunigrin, vicianin.
Animals/Human Poisoning:
Note: When an
animal is listed without additional information, the literature (as of 1993)
contained no detailed explanation.
Humans
General symptoms of
poisoning:
Nausea,
vomiting.
Notes on poisoning:
Humans have
developed nausea and vomiting after ingesting uncooked berries. Cooking
destroys the toxin. Children were poisoned when they used the hollow stems of
elders as pipes (Cooper and Johnson 1984).
Swine
General symptoms of
poisoning:
Abdominal
pains, breathing, rapid, death, diarrhea, heart rate, elevated, paralysis,
posterior, salivation, trembling, vomiting.
Notes on poisoning:
In one European
case, pigs ate young leaves and within a day showed symptoms, including
salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, paralysis, trembling, and
unsteadiness. Several pigs died (Cooper and Johnson 1984).
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