Black henbane-Hyoscyamus niger-Poisonous plant

Black henbane

General poisoning notes:

Black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) is a naturalized herb found across parts of southern Canada. This plant contains several alkaloids, and it has caused rare poisoning in humans, cattle, poultry, and swine. Human poisoning has been accidental or purposeful because of its reported medicinal or hallucinogenic properties. Black henbane has been used medicinally since ancient times to help with a variety of health problems and as a preventative. Its hallucinogenic effects have led people to eat the seed or chew the flowers, often with detrimental results. Ingestion causes anticholinergic syndrome with stimulatory and hallucinatory effects (Hocking 1947, Spoerke et al. 1987). Cattle have been poisoned in Europe after ingesting black henbane that was included in forage. The alkaloid content is retained upon drying, and ingestion is said to taint the milk of cows. Poultry have died after ingesting the seeds, and pigs have died after eating the roots (Cooper and Johnson 1984, Spoerke et al. 1987).

Nomenclature:

Scientific Name: Hyoscyamus niger L.

Vernacular name(s): black henbane

Scientific family name: Solanaceae

Vernacular family name: nightshade

Geographic Information

Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan

Notes on Poisonous plant parts:

All parts of the plant contain alkaloids in varying quantities (see the additional notes under chemicals). Ingestion of four flowers has caused some symptoms in humans (Frohne and Pfander 1983, Spoerke et al. 1987).

Toxic parts:

All parts, flowers, leaves, roots seeds .

Notes on Toxic plant chemicals:

Hyoscyamine, hyoscine, and atropine can all be found in black henbane. The alkaloid content has been measured at 0.08% (roots), 0.17% (leaves), and 0.3% (seeds). The major affect of hyoscyamine is depression of the central nervous system (Frohne and Pfander 1983; Cooper and Johnson 1984).

Toxic plant chemicals:

atropine

hyoscine(scopolamine)

hyoscyamine

colour atlas of poisonous plants. Wolfe Publishing Ltd., London, England. 291 pp.

Animals/Human Poisoning:

Note: When an animal is listed without additional information, the literature (as of 1993) contained no detailed explanation.

Cattle

General symptoms of poisoning:

Bloat, breathing, labored, convulsions, cyanosis, heart rate, elevated, incoordination, pupil dilation, restlessness.

Notes on poisoning:

Symptoms of ingestion include restlessness, excitation, convulsions, pupil dilation, difficulty in breathing, increased heart rate, and bloat. Postmortem examination showed degeneration of heart muscle and cyanosis of mucous membranes (Cooper and Johnson 1984).

Humans

General symptoms of poisoning:

Coma, confusion, death, hallucination, mouth dry, nausea, pupil dilation, skin, flushed, vomiting.

Notes on poisoning:

Symptoms of poisoning include thirst, dry mouth, dilated pupils, warm and flushed skin, and hallucinations. Purposeless movements, such as picking at the air, have been observed. Heart rate is elevated. These are the symptoms that occur after the roots are ingested. Ingesting the flowers has caused agitation, restlessness, dry skin, and pupil dilation (Spoerke et al. 1987).

Poultry

Swine